Identifying the constraining factors of PRODUCTION and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the PRODUCTION constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All MANAGEMENT practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the PRODUCTION of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the PRODUCTION of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

مقاله حاضر در بررسی انتقادی کتاب «اخلاق مدیریت» نگاشته تامس کلیکاور (2010)، رویکرد کلی نویسنده، ابزارهای مفهومی به کار گرفته شده و نیز شیوة استدلال را مورد توجه قرار داده­است. به زعم نویسنده، مدیریت خصوصاً مدیریت کسب و کار بدلیل اهمیتی که برای بقای سازمان قائل است، اصل بنیادین خود را بر افزایش نفع و کسب سود قرار داده، از این رو اخلاق مندی مسألة بنیادینش نبوده و حتی می تواند در مواردی بنا به ضرورت تمایلات و گرایش های غیراخلاقی هم پیشه­کند. نویسنده به عنوان نظریه پرداز حوزة اخلاقِ مدیریت از منظری تاریخی هم تلاش کرده تا نشان دهد مدیریت کسب و کار همواره با تجارب غیراخلاقی همراه بوده، تجربه ای که به صورت نوعی بردگی مدرن تا عصر حاضر ادامه دار بوده­ است. او بر این اعتقاد است که اخلاق مدیریت به عنوان میان رشته­ای­ که از حیث موضوع شاخه ای از دانش مدیریت محسوب می­شود در عمل ناگزیر باید با فلسفه عجین تر باشد. در نهایت گرچه نویسنده توانسته مغایرت ذاتی مدیریت بویژه مدیریت کسب وکار را با اخلاق نشان دهد و بر این مبنا راهکاری هم ارائه کند، اما این که نویسنده موفق به ارائه نظریة متفاوتی در حوزه «اخلاقِ مدیریت» شده­باشد، محل تردید و تأمل است.

Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day standard using curve fitting models for genetic and MANAGEMENT practices. Individual curves do not have a standard shape in all cases, and can deviate from the standard pattern according to factors such as individual differences, and type of fitted models. These non-standard curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing and reversed standards. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk PRODUCTION, by fitting two nonlinear models? Wood (empirical) and Pollott (biological), on 7659 and 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 and 776 first calving Iranian Simmental and Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) and decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of standard curves from the Pollott and Wood models were 85.5% and 62.2% for Simmental, and 83.1% and 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% and 16.9%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed standard was the most (22.3% and 16.5%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of standardizing the PRODUCTION of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the PRODUCTION of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).